When Parallels Broke — From Euclid's Postulate to Curved Spacetime

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1. 1300 BCE · AlexandriaA Parallel Was Not Yet 'Exactly One' — Euclid's Original Wording
2. 21077 · IsfahanTrying to Prove It Exposes Other Assumptions — Khayyam's Quadrilateral
3. 31259 · MaraghehKeeping the Parallel Problem inside a Network of Geometry and Astronomy — Al-Tusi
4. 41733 · MilanNegating the Postulate to Hunt a Contradiction — Saccheri's Unexpected Results
5. 51824 · GöttingenKnowing a New Geometry but Leaving It in Letters — Gauss's Private Priority
6. 61829 · KazanPublishing a World with More than One Parallel — Lobachevsky
7. 71832 · Targu MuresCreating a New World 'Out of Nothing' — Bolyai's Appendix
8. 81854 · GöttingenAsking about All Possible Spaces, Not One Plane — Riemann's Lecture
9. 91868 · NaplesBuilding an Unfamiliar Geometry inside Familiar Surfaces — Beltrami's Model
10. 101872 · ErlangenComparing Geometries through Invariants of Transformations — Klein
11. 111881 · ParisUsing the Hyperbolic Plane as a Workshop for Functions — Poincare
12. 121908 · ColognePutting Space and Time into One Geometry — Minkowski's Lecture
13. 131913 · ZurichMatching the Physics of Gravity to the Language of Curvature — Einstein and Grossmann
14. 141915 · BerlinPutting Matter and Spacetime Geometry into One Equation — November 1915
15. 151919 · Roca Sundy, PrincipeMeasuring a Curved Path with Starlight — The 1919 Eclipse