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1843

Mill — The structure of comparison, not only the count

Can one well-designed contrast provide stronger grounds than a thousand identical records?

John Stuart MillA System of Logic

Evidence-backed account

Mill treats induction as inference from observed cases to unobserved cases, or cases at other times, that resemble them in specified respects.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive

    John Stuart Mill · Project Gutenberg text based on the eighth edition

    Locator: Book III, chapter I §2 and chapter II §1

    Open source

He holds that simple enumeration without a counterexample is inadequate in many scientific inquiries where there is no assurance that a counterexample, if present, would have been found.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive

    John Stuart Mill · Project Gutenberg text based on the eighth edition

    Locator: Book III, chapter III §2

    Open source

Mill presents as a central problem for a theory of induction why one case can sometimes be strong while countless agreeing cases can remain weak.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive

    John Stuart Mill · Project Gutenberg text based on the eighth edition

    Locator: Book III, chapter III §3

    Open source

Observed sequence alone may not exclude a common cause; Mill argues that experiments comparing outcomes under arranged conditions can strengthen causal judgment.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive

    John Stuart Mill · Project Gutenberg text based on the eighth edition

    Locator: Book III, chapter VII §§3–4

    Open source

The Method of Agreement compares a condition shared by several instances of a phenomenon, while the Method of Difference compares occurrence and non-occurrence cases with other differences controlled.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive

    John Stuart Mill · Project Gutenberg text based on the eighth edition

    Locator: Book III, chapter VIII §§1–4

    Open source

  • John Stuart Mill

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

    Locator: Section 3.3

    Open source

Because of background conditions and multiple causes, results from these methods must be applied cautiously and remain open to further observation.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • John Stuart Mill

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

    Locator: Section 3.3

    Open source

  • A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive

    John Stuart Mill · Project Gutenberg text based on the eighth edition

    Locator: Book III, chapters VIII and X

    Open source

The first edition of `A System of Logic` was published in two volumes by John W. Parker in London in 1843.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Volume II

    John Stuart Mill · 1843 · London: John W. Parker, first edition, volume 2; Oxford University scan

    Locator: Title page and publisher metadata, volume 2

    Open source
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