Can we be responsible if we could not have done otherwise?
Use coercion, habit, prediction, and self-control to separate freedom as alternatives, sourcehood, acting on reasons, and self-understanding.
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Early second century
Arrian's records of Epictetus' teaching preserve a discipline of volition and freedom.
Epictetus — What is up to us is judgment and volition
1677
The posthumous Ethics explains necessity and human freedom within one nature.
Spinoza — Freedom through understanding, not an uncaused will
Amsterdam · 출판
1748
Section VIII of the Enquiry presents a public argument reconciling liberty and necessity.
Hume — Liberty compatible with necessity
1969
Frankfurt's article shifts attention from alternative possibilities to the actual source of action.
Frankfurt — Acting for one’s own reasons without alternatives