Follow fear before death, enduring suffering, and absurd repetition to compare accounts in terms of sensation, craving, selfhood, despair, and revolt.
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Early Buddhist tradition · Early discourses on the Four Noble Truths
What changes if suffering is read not as a pessimistic verdict on all life but as a diagnosis with causes and a possible cessation?
The Four Noble Truths distinguish dukkha, its arising centered on craving, its cessation, and a path leading toward cessation.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §1 Early Buddhist conceptions of mind; Four Noble Truths and dependent arising
Open sourceReducing the teaching to “life is only suffering” misses its therapeutic structure, which allows pleasant experience while analyzing the conditioned arising and cessation of dukkha.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §1–§2, dukkha, impermanence, craving, and liberation
Open sourceEarly discourses frame suffering not as an inescapable fate but as a problem with causes and practices.
Around the fifth century BCE
Epicurus · Letter to Menoeceus
If death is absent while we exist and we are absent when death arrives, what reason remains to fear it in advance?
Epicurus argues that good and bad depend on sensation and death is the deprivation of sensation, so death is nothing to us.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Epicurus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4.1 Fear of Death; Letter to Menoeceus 124–127
Open sourceWhether the argument addresses the pain of dying, survivors’ loss, and future possibilities deprived by death remains open to separate objections.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Epicurus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4.1–§4.2, death, pleasure, and later objections
Open sourceThe Letter to Menoeceus dismantles fear of death through an argument about sensation and time.
Around 300 BCE
Søren Kierkegaard · The Sickness Unto Death
If despair is not merely sadness but a failed relation of not willing—or willing by oneself alone—to be oneself, what requires care?
The pseudonymous Anti-Climacus describes the self as a relation relating to itself—a synthesis of finite/infinite and possibility/necessity—and despair as a misrelation.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Søren Kierkegaard
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §5 Religion; The Sickness Unto Death and the self as relation
Open sourceReading despair as another name for depression or physical death confuses existential-religious diagnosis with a clinical category; the pseudonym's elevated Christian standpoint must also be distinguished from Kierkegaard's direct voice.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Søren Kierkegaard
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2 Aesthetics of Authorship; §5 Religion and Anti-Climacus
Open sourceThe Sickness Unto Death develops despair as a problem in self-relation rather than a passing mood.
1849
Albert Camus · The Myth of Sisyphus
If the clash between our demand for meaning and a silent world persists, can one live on without suicide or false hope?
Camus begins The Myth of Sisyphus with the question of suicide and describes the absurd as the confrontation between the human demand for meaning and an unanswering world.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Albert Camus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3.1 The Absurd and Suicide
Open sourceHis response is to live with lucidity, revolt, freedom, and passion without dissolving the absurd in a transcendent answer; Camus rejected the label “existentialist.”
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Albert Camus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3.2 Limits of Reason; §3.3 Criticism of Existentialists; §3.4 Happiness in Facing One’s Fate
Open sourcePublished in Paris, The Myth of Sisyphus proposes lucid persistence and revolt rather than suicide before the absurd.
1942 · Paris · 출판