Use a concept-only proof, miracle testimony, and a command that conflicts with ethics to compare proof, testimony, revelation, and practice.
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Anselm of Canterbury · Proslogion
Does the concept of the greatest conceivable being entail that it exists in reality as well as thought?
The Proslogion argues from “that than which nothing greater can be conceived” within a prayerful project of faith seeking understanding.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Saint Anselm
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2.1 Faith Seeking Understanding; §3 The Proslogion
Open sourceDebate continues over whether the reasoning illicitly defines something into existence, offers a modal argument for necessary being, or functions primarily as meditation.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Saint Anselm
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3.1–§3.5, reconstructions and objections
Open sourceThe Proslogion turns conceptual reflection within faith into a public argument.
Around 1077–1078
Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī · The Incoherence of the Philosophers
Does observed regularity prove necessary causation, or does that add a stronger metaphysical assumption?
The Incoherence argues that twenty teachings associated with al-Fārābī and Avicenna have not been demonstratively established, treating three as especially grave religious errors.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
al-Ghazali
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3 The Incoherence of the Philosophers
Open sourceAl-Ghazālī does not reject logic, demonstration, or natural inquiry wholesale; the seventeenth discussion targets the inference from observed conjunction to necessary causation.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
al-Ghazali
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3, seventeenth discussion; §4 The Revival of the Religious Sciences
Open sourceThe Incoherence reframes a conflict between revelation and reason as a question about what has actually been demonstrated.
Around 1095
David Hume · Enquiry X and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
How strong must testimony be when weighed against the chance that the report is mistaken and the chance that a regularity of nature has failed?
Enquiry X asks us to weigh evidence that testimony is false against evidence, grounded in experience, that a law of nature has been violated.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Hume on Religion
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3 Miracles
Open sourceThe Dialogues tests how little the analogy from worldly order to a designer can establish about the nature and number of its cause.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Hume on Religion
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4 The Design Argument
Open sourceThe posthumous Dialogues tests design arguments through several competing voices.
1779
Søren Kierkegaard · Fear and Trembling
If Abraham's action cannot be explained by universal ethics, is faith a higher justification or a publicly unverifiable danger?
The pseudonymous Johannes de silentio presents Abraham as a paradox between universal ethics and an absolute relation to God.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Søren Kierkegaard
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3 Aesthetics and §4 Ethics; discussion of Fear and Trembling
Open sourceBecause the pseudonym repeatedly says he cannot understand faith, treating his admiration and ‘teleological suspension of the ethical’ as Kierkegaard's direct doctrine erases the authorial strategy.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Søren Kierkegaard
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2 Kierkegaard’s Aesthetics of Authorship; §4 Ethics
Open sourcePublished pseudonymously in Copenhagen, Fear and Trembling presents faith as an unresolved ethical paradox.
1843 · Copenhagen · 출판