Follow a repaired object, melting ice, and a copied digital object to compare four metaphysical accounts of existence, dependence, and persistence.
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When we speak of coming-to-be and passing-away, are we really thinking what is not?
Parmenides' poem divides routes of inquiry and presses radical constraints on what can be thought and spoken of as being.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Parmenides
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2 Overview of Parmenides’ Poem; §3.2 The Way of Conviction
Open sourceThe slogan that he simply declares all change illusory is contested; contemporary scholarship offers competing monist and modal interpretations.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Parmenides
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3 Some Main Types of Interpretation; §3.8 What Is and Cannot Not Be
Open sourceOn Nature poses the conditions of being and change in poetic form.
Early fifth century BCE
Can the move from potentiality to actuality explain how something changes while remaining itself?
Aristotle distinguishes the matter composing an individual substance from the form by which that matter constitutes a functioning whole.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Aristotle's Metaphysics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §12 Actuality and Potentiality, first paragraph
Open sourceHe extends the distinction between potentiality (dunamis) and actuality or activity (energeia) to explain change across time.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Aristotle's Metaphysics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §12 Actuality and Potentiality; Metaphysics Θ.1
Open sourceWork associated with the Lyceum period systematizes a vocabulary of substance and change.
Around 335 BCE · Athens · 주요활동
Nāgārjuna · Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way
If nothing has an independent essence, are things unreal or real only through relations?
In Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka, emptiness means that phenomena lack an independent, unchanging intrinsic nature (svabhāva).
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Nāgārjuna
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2.1 Svabhāva and §2.2 Emptiness
Open sourceEmptiness is read together with dependent origination, and emptiness itself must not be reified as another ultimate substance.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Nāgārjuna
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2.2 Emptiness; §3 The Two Truths
Open sourceThe Fundamental Verses re-examine intrinsic nature and causation through dependence and emptiness.
Around the second or third century
Immanuel Kant · Critique of Pure Reason
If space and time are forms of our experience, are they a veil over reality or the conditions that make knowledge possible?
Kant treats space and time as forms of human sensible intuition rather than properties of things in themselves, calling spatiotemporal objects appearances.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Kant's Transcendental Idealism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: Introduction; §1 Appearances and Things in Themselves
Open sourceWhether appearances and things in themselves are two kinds of object or two standpoints on one object remains a central unresolved interpretive dispute.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Kant's Transcendental Idealism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4 The Dual Aspect View; §5 One Object or Two?
Open sourceThe first Critique redraws the limits of reality as it can be experienced.
1781