What is real, and what remains through change?
Follow a repaired object, melting ice, and a copied digital object to compare four metaphysical accounts of existence, dependence, and persistence.
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Early fifth century BCE
On Nature poses the conditions of being and change in poetic form.
Parmenides — Does speaking of change require speaking of what is not?
Around 335 BCE
Work associated with the Lyceum period systematizes a vocabulary of substance and change.
Aristotle — Matter and form, potentiality and actuality
Athens · 주요활동
Around the second or third century
The Fundamental Verses re-examine intrinsic nature and causation through dependence and emptiness.
Nāgārjuna — Emptiness is dependence, not disappearance
1781
The first Critique redraws the limits of reality as it can be experienced.
Kant — The experienced world and things in themselves