Use an all-explaining theory, an anomaly inside a successful paradigm, and a community closed to criticism to compare testing, history, and social standards of science.
Your selections stay on this device and are not sent to the server or analytics.
There is no score or philosophy profile. Compare reasons rather than labels.
Different views show the same evidence-backed material. The map does not replace events whose location is unknown.
What changes when observations are designed to eliminate possible explanations rather than collect favorite examples?
Bacon replaces hasty ascent from a few cases with tables of presence, absence, and degree that progressively exclude candidate natures.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Francis Bacon
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §5.1 The Idols; §5.2 The System of Sciences and the method of induction
Open sourceHis analysis of the idols examines recurring sources of error in human nature, individual formation, language, and inherited systems.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Francis Bacon
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §5.1 The Idols
Open sourceThe Novum Organum presents discovery as an error-reducing procedure rather than a lucky flash of insight.
1620
Karl Popper · The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Does what a theory forbids matter more than the number of observations that seem to support it?
Popper argues that finite observations cannot verify a universal theory, while empirical science requires claims exposed to possible counterinstances.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Karl Popper
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2.3 Demarcation and §2.4 Basic Statements and Falsifiability
Open sourceBecause real tests involve auxiliary assumptions, measurement error, and statistical judgment, the slogan that one observation automatically discards one theory oversimplifies both Popper and later debate.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Karl Popper
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3.1–§3.3, corroboration, conventionalist stratagems, and methodology
Open sourceThe Logic of Scientific Discovery locates a boundary of science in claims that risk being wrong.
1934
Thomas Kuhn · The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Should a successful research tradition keep solving puzzles despite an anomaly, and when should it change frameworks?
Kuhn's normal science solves puzzles under shared exemplars and standards; anomalies become conditions for crisis and revolution when they accumulate or become especially consequential.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Thomas Kuhn
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2.2 Paradigms and Normal Science; §2.3 Crisis and Revolutions
Open sourceIncommensurability is not the simple claim that choice ignores evidence or reasons; Kuhn describes values such as accuracy, scope, simplicity, and fruitfulness as relevant to judgment.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Thomas Kuhn
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §3.1 Methodological Incommensurability; §4.1 Objectivity and Value Judgment
Open sourcePublished in Chicago, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions depicts scientific time as alternating normal work and revolutionary change.
1962 · Chicago · 출판
Helen Longino · Science as Social Knowledge
Does objectivity depend less on a neutral individual than on structures that expose assumptions to criticism and revision?
Longino's contextual empiricism holds that data support hypotheses through background assumptions, so objectivity depends on public criticism capable of transforming those assumptions.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Scientific Objectivity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4.3 Feminist and Social Epistemology, Longino on transformative criticism
Open sourceVenues for criticism, shared standards, uptake of criticism, and tempered equality of intellectual authority are conditions for effective criticism, not mere diversity of opinion.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Scientific Objectivity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4.3, criteria for transformative criticism
Open sourceScience as Social Knowledge locates objectivity in critical social structures rather than individual detachment.
1990