Use identity-discounted testimony, an experience without shared concepts, and an exclusionary expert community to examine credibility, language, standpoint, and power.
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W. E. B. Du Bois · The Souls of Black Folk
Is seeing oneself through both one’s own and a dominant society’s eyes only a wound of division, or also an epistemic resource?
Du Bois names double consciousness as the conflict of experiencing oneself through one’s own standpoint and the appraising gaze of a racist society.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Double Consciousness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §1 The Trajectory of the Concept; The Souls of Black Folk passage
Open sourceWhether “second sight” automatically grants privileged insight into dominant society or primarily diagnoses self-alienation remains disputed in the text and its reception.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Double Consciousness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2 Double-Consciousness in The Souls of Black Folk; §4 Contemporary interpretations
Open sourceThe Souls of Black Folk records the inner division of racialized life as a social and epistemic problem.
1903
Simone de Beauvoir · The Second Sex
If “woman” is shaped by social norms rather than natural fact alone, what does the lived standpoint add to knowledge?
The Second Sex analyzes the history, myths, and lived experience through which man is cast as universal subject and woman as relative Other.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Simone de Beauvoir
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4 The Second Sex; woman as Other and lived experience
Open sourceBeauvoir's claim that one becomes rather than is born a woman does not deny the body; it asks how embodiment is lived through situation and norms.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Simone de Beauvoir
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4.1–§4.3, biology, situation, and becoming woman
Open sourcePublished in Paris, The Second Sex relocates the knowing subject in embodiment and situation.
1949 · Paris · 출판
Frantz Fanon · Black Skin, White Masks
When a dominant language and others’ gaze alter the meaning of one’s body, can a neutral observer explain the experience fully?
Black Skin, White Masks uses phenomenology and psychoanalysis to examine how colonial language, recognition, and the racist gaze organize bodily experience and self-relation.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Frantz Fanon
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2 Black Skin, White Masks; language, recognition, and lived experience
Open sourceFanon resists simply applying universalized European psychoanalytic schemes to colonial subjects and includes the social-historical world producing individual symptoms.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Frantz Fanon
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2, sociogeny and critique of universalized psychoanalysis
Open sourceBlack Skin, White Masks analyzes colonialism not only as an institution but as an epistemic structure inscribed in body and language.
1952
Miranda Fricker · Epistemic Injustice
Beyond one false belief, what capacities and participation are taken away when someone is not recognized as a knower?
Testimonial injustice occurs when identity prejudice unfairly deflates a speaker's credibility and impairs their capacity to transmit knowledge.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Epistemic Injustice
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §1 Testimonial Injustice
Open sourceHermeneutical injustice arises when structural gaps in collective interpretive resources obstruct understanding and communication of a social experience.
The text is a Korean-English summary of the source, not a direct quotation.
Epistemic Injustice
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §2 Hermeneutical Injustice
Open sourceEpistemic Injustice formulates inequalities of credibility and interpretation as distinct wrongs in the ethics of knowing.
2007