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An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

OPEN THE BOOK WITH A QUESTION

Can we speak of knowledge in ordinary life when our grounds fall short of complete proof?

Evidence-backed moments
13
Timeline events
2
Verified places
2

People who carry this work into the voyage

Read the argument as a story

Story 1What can we claim to know?

Hume — Can experience carry us into the future?

The question that opens it

Can we speak of knowledge in ordinary life when our grounds fall short of complete proof?

What changes as you read the work
  1. 1

    Hume divides the objects of human reason into relations of ideas and matters of fact.

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    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 4.1–4.2

      Open source
  2. 2

    He argues that judgments about cause and effect are learned from experience rather than obtained by a priori reasoning alone.

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    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 4.4–4.6

      Open source
  3. 3

    Hume argues that using experience to prove that past experience will continue into the future makes the reasoning circular.

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    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 4.18–4.21

      Open source
  4. 4

    Hume explains the principle that leads us to expect the future after repeated experience as custom or habit.

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    This is an evidence-linked editorial account, not a direct quotation.

    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 5.5–5.8

      Open source
  5. 5

    The final section presents mitigated scepticism as joining doubt, caution, and modesty to judgment while fitting inquiry to human capacities.

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    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 12.24–12.26

      Open source
  6. 6

    The first edition was published by A. Millar in London in 1748 under the title Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding.

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    This is an evidence-linked editorial account, not a direct quotation.

    • Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding — first-edition catalog record

      Folger Shakespeare Library · 1748 · London: A. Millar, 1748; ESTC T4022

      Locator: London: A. Millar, 1748; ESTC T4022

      Open source
  7. 7

    Jean-Bernard Mérian's French translation, Essais philosophiques sur l'entendement humain, was published by J. H. Schneider in Amsterdam in 1758.

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    This is an evidence-linked editorial account, not a direct quotation.

    • Essais philosophiques sur l'entendement humain

      David Hume; translated by Jean-Bernard Mérian · 1758 · Amsterdam: J. H. Schneider, 1758

      Locator: Title page and volume metadata

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    • Essais philosophiques sur l'entendement humain — catalog record cb33991959k

      Bibliothèque nationale de France · 1758 · Amsterdam: J. H. Schneider, 1758; Jean-Bernard Mérian translator attribution

      Locator: Translator attribution and Amsterdam: J. H. Schneider, 1758 record

      Open source
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Story 2How far can the past support the future?

Hume — Distinguishing expectation from proof

The question that opens it

Even if repetition explains expectation, does it prove that the future must resemble the past?

What changes as you read the work
  1. 1

    Past experience directly concerns the objects and periods observed; extending it to similar new objects and future periods requires a further inference.

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    This is an evidence-linked editorial account, not a direct quotation.

    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 4.16–4.17

      Open source
  2. 2

    Because a change in the course of nature or a different effect from a similar object is not contradictory, Hume argues that future uniformity cannot be proved by demonstrative reasoning.

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    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 4.18

      Open source
  3. 3

    He argues that using an experiential or probable argument to prove the similarity of past and future is circular because it already assumes that similarity.

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    This is an evidence-linked editorial account, not a direct quotation.

    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 4.19–4.21

      Open source
  4. 4

    Hume explains the principle that leads us to expect the same result after repetition as `custom` or `habit`.

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    This is an evidence-linked editorial account, not a direct quotation.

    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 5.4–5.6

      Open source
  5. 5

    The analysis does not conclude that ordinary inference and action disappear; rather, custom makes experience a guide to life.

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    This is an evidence-linked editorial account, not a direct quotation.

    • An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

      David Hume · 1748 · Hume Texts Online critical text with E/SBN paragraph numbering

      Locator: E 5.2 and E 5.6–5.8

      Open source
  6. 6

    The first edition was published in London by A. Millar in 1748 under the title `Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding`.

    Check the evidence

    This is an evidence-linked editorial account, not a direct quotation.

    • Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding — first-edition catalog record

      Folger Shakespeare Library · 1748 · London: A. Millar, 1748; ESTC T4022

      Locator: London: A. Millar, 1748; ESTC T4022

      Open source
Try the full inquiry

How the work moved through time

  1. 1748

    The first edition is published in London.

    London · Publication

  2. 1758

    Jean-Bernard Mérian's French translation is published in Amsterdam.

    Amsterdam · Translation

See its geography

Continue with the questions it unsettles