1963

Gettier — When truth and justification meet by luck

If truth, belief, and reasonable justification are all present but their connection is accidental, is it knowledge?

Edmund Gettier Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?

Evidence-backed account

Gettier's paper appeared in June 1963 in Analysis, volume 23, issue 6, pages 121–123.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
Edmund L. Gettier · 1963 · Analysis 23(6), 121–123
Locator: Article metadata, Analysis 23(6), 121–123
Open source

The paper argues that a case may satisfy truth, belief, and justification while still not intuitively amounting to knowledge.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
Edmund L. Gettier · 1963 · Analysis 23(6), 121–123
Locator: Pages 121–123
Open source
The Analysis of Knowledge
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: Section 3
Open source

In Case I, Smith's evidence points to Jones, but the hiring and the coins that make the proposition true happen by chance to concern Smith.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
Edmund L. Gettier · 1963 · Analysis 23(6), 121–123
Locator: Case I, page 122
Open source

The short paper was followed by extensive debate in contemporary epistemology over supplementing justified true belief or finding a different analysis.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

The Analysis of Knowledge
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: Sections 3–8
Open source

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