Gettier — When truth and justification meet by luck
The question that opens it
If truth, belief, and reasonable justification are all present but their connection is accidental, is it knowledge?
- 1
Gettier's paper appeared in June 1963 in Analysis, volume 23, issue 6, pages 121–123.
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Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
Edmund L. Gettier · 1963 · Analysis 23(6), 121–123
Locator: Article metadata, Analysis 23(6), 121–123
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- 2
The paper argues that a case may satisfy truth, belief, and justification while still not intuitively amounting to knowledge.
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This is an evidence-linked editorial account, not a direct quotation.
Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
Edmund L. Gettier · 1963 · Analysis 23(6), 121–123
Locator: Pages 121–123
Open sourceThe Analysis of Knowledge
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: Section 3
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- 3
In Case I, Smith's evidence points to Jones, but the hiring and the coins that make the proposition true happen by chance to concern Smith.
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Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
Edmund L. Gettier · 1963 · Analysis 23(6), 121–123
Locator: Case I, page 122
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- 4
The short paper was followed by extensive debate in contemporary epistemology over supplementing justified true belief or finding a different analysis.
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The Analysis of Knowledge
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: Sections 3–8
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