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1970 and 1980

Kripke — Names and descriptions under counterfactual conditions

Could the same name still refer to the object if that object did not satisfy the description?

Saul KripkeNaming and Necessity

Evidence-backed account

The core of Naming and Necessity is associated with the 1970 Princeton lectures and was followed by a 1972 transcript/article and the 1980 book.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • Vale Saul Kripke, 1940–2022

    Princeton University Department of Philosophy

    Locator: 1970 Princeton Three Lecture Series

    Open source

  • Naming and Necessity

    Saul A. Kripke · 1980 · Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980; WorldCat record OCLC 5726909

    Locator: Harvard University Press, 1980 edition metadata

    Open source

  • Reference

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

    Locator: Bibliography: Kripke 1972 and 1980

    Open source

A rigid designator is explained as an expression that designates the same object, and no other object, across possible situations in which that object exists.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • Rigid Designators

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

    Locator: Sections 1.1–1.2

    Open source

In a standard Kripkean comparison, the proper names Hesperus and Phosphorus are rigid, whereas an ordinary description may be satisfied by different objects in different situations.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • Rigid Designators

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

    Locator: Section 1.1

    Open source

An identity between two rigid names can be necessary if true, even though learning that identity may require empirical discovery.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • Rigid Designators

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

    Locator: Sections 1.1 and 3.1

    Open source

A description may be used to fix a reference initially without being synonymous with the name.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • Naming and Necessity

    Saul A. Kripke · 1980 · Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980; WorldCat record OCLC 5726909

    Locator: Pages 54–56

    Open source

  • Rigid Designators

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

    Locator: Section 2.2.2

    Open source

Cases in which a speaker can ask about a person using a transmitted name without knowing a uniquely identifying description are used against descriptivism.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

  • Reference

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

    Locator: Section 2.1

    Open source
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