1990

Longino — Objectivity through communities where criticism can work

Does objectivity depend less on a neutral individual than on structures that expose assumptions to criticism and revision?

Helen Longino Science as Social Knowledge

Evidence-backed account

Longino's contextual empiricism holds that data support hypotheses through background assumptions, so objectivity depends on public criticism capable of transforming those assumptions.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

Scientific Objectivity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4.3 Feminist and Social Epistemology, Longino on transformative criticism
Open source

Venues for criticism, shared standards, uptake of criticism, and tempered equality of intellectual authority are conditions for effective criticism, not mere diversity of opinion.

Open evidence

This is an evidence-linked editorial paraphrase, not a direct quotation.

Scientific Objectivity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Locator: §4.3, criteria for transformative criticism
Open source

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